英语计划总结之直接引语变为间接引语时的“变”与“不变”

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英语计划总结之直接引语变为间接引语时的“变”与“不变”

英语计划总结之直接引语变为间接引语时的“变”与“不变” ‎ ‎  引述别人的话一般有两种方式,一种是原封不动地引用他人的原话,把它放在引号内,这叫做直接引语;另一种是用自己的话转述他人的话,不用引号,叫做间接引语。直接引语变为间接引语时,句子中的人称代词、动词时态、主谓语序、时间状语和地点状语等往往要作相应的变化,而有时却不需要变化。现将这些“变”与“不变”的情况进行一下归纳。‎ ‎  一、“变”的情况 ‎  1. 人称的变化 ‎  (1)直接引语中的主语是第一人称时,间接引语中的主语应变为第三人称。例如:‎ ‎  He said,“I like reading newspapers.”‎ ‎  →He said he liked reading newspapers.‎ ‎  (2)直接引语中的主语是第二人称时,如果原话是针对转述人说的,则间接引语中的主语应转换为第一人称;但若原话是针对第三者说的,则间接引语的主语应为第三人称。例如:‎ ‎  “You should do your homework carefully,”the teacher said to me.‎ ‎  →The teacher said to me that I should do my homework carefully.‎ ‎  “You mustn't play football in the street,”the policeman said to the boys.‎ ‎  →The policeman said to the boys that they mustn't play football in the street.‎ ‎  (3)人称的变化还包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的相应变化。例如:‎ ‎  He said, “I have lost my pen.”‎ ‎  →He said that he had lost his pen.‎ ‎  She said,“The book on the desk is mine.”‎ ‎  → She said that the book on the desk was hers.‎ ‎  2. 句子结构的变化 ‎  (1)如果直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时应该转换成由连词that引导的宾语从句,在口语中that 常被省略。例如:‎ ‎  She says,“I am going to visit my uncle.”‎ ‎  →She said that she was going to see her uncle.‎ ‎  (2)如果直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句,将它们变为间接引语时,应变成由连词if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句,宾语从句的语序应为陈述语序。例如:‎ ‎  He asked, “Has she come?”‎ ‎  →He asked if she had come.‎ ‎  Her brother said, “Does the teacher know it or not?”‎ ‎  →Her brother asked whether the teacher knew it or not.‎ ‎  (3)如果直接引语是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,仍用原来的特殊疑问词引导宾语从句,从句中要用陈述语序。例如:‎ ‎  He said,“When will we arrive in Shanghai?”‎ ‎  →He asked when they would arrive in Shanghai.‎ ‎  He said, “What grade are you in?”‎ ‎  →He asked what grade I was in.‎ ‎  (4)如果直接引语是祈使句,将其变为间接引语时,应根据意思上的需要,选用“ask/tell/order/advise/request+宾语+带to的不定式”结构。例如:‎ ‎  He says to us, “Be quite.”‎ ‎  →He asked us to be quiet.‎ ‎  “Don't go out, ”she says to me.‎ ‎  →She told me not to go out.‎ ‎  3. 时态的变化 ‎  主句中的谓语动词为一般过去时时,间接引语中的谓语动词时态需作以下变化:‎ ‎  (1)将直接引语中的一般现在时变为一般过去时。例如:‎ ‎  He said, “This book is yours.”‎ ‎  →He said that book was mine.‎ ‎  (2)将直接引语中的现在进行时变为过去进行时。例如:‎ ‎  The teacher said,“The children are reading a text.”‎ ‎  →The teacher said the children were reading a text.‎ ‎  (3)将直接引语中的现在完成时变为过去完成时。例如:‎ ‎  He said,“I have read the book.”‎ ‎  →He said he had read the book.‎ ‎  (4)将直接引语中的一般将来时变为过去将来时。例如:‎ ‎  He said, “I'll wait for you outside the school gate.”‎ ‎  →He said he would wait for me outside the school gate.‎ ‎  (5)将直接引语中的一般过去时变为过去完成时。例如:‎ ‎  She said, “I bought the book yesterday.”‎ ‎  →She said she had bought the book the day before.‎ ‎  4. 其它的变化 ‎  直接引语变为间接引语时,其中的时间状语、地点状语以及某些对比性的指示代词和动词也要作相应的变化,如:yesterday变为the ‎ day before,here变为there, come变为go,this变为that, these变为those 等。例如:‎ ‎  He said,“I will stay here.”‎ ‎  →He said that he would stay there.‎ ‎  “I bought these flowers for you,”she said.‎ ‎  →She said she had bought those flowers for me.‎ ‎  二、“不变”的情况 ‎  1. 如果说话人引述自己的话,人称代词便不必变化。例如:‎ ‎  I said,“I have been to Beijing.”‎ ‎  →I said I had been to Beijing.‎ ‎  2.主句中的谓语动词为一般现在时时,直接引语中谓语动词的时态在间接引语中不变。例如:‎ ‎  He asks, “Where do you come from?”‎ ‎  →He asks where I come from.‎ ‎  3. 直接引语中比较具体的时间状语,在间接引语中可以不变,谓语动词的时态也不变。例如:‎ ‎  “It happened in 2008,” he said.‎ ‎  →He said it happened in 2008.‎ ‎  4.‎ ‎ 如果直接引语叙述的是客观事实、自然现象、谚语、格言等,那么直接引语中的一般现在时在间接引语中不变。例如:‎ ‎  The boy asked,“Does water boil at 100℃?”‎ ‎  →The boy asked if water boils at 100℃。‎ ‎  The teacher said,“The earth turns around the sun.”‎ ‎  →The teacher said the earth turns around the sun.‎ ‎  5. 如果是在当时或当地进行转述,那么,时间状语和地点状语以及某些对比性的指示代词和动词等也可不变。例如:‎ ‎  He said, “I came here three days ago.”‎ ‎  →He said he came here three days ago.‎
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