【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题时态（40页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题时态（40页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题 时态 时态是一种语法范畴，用以表示各种时间和动作方面的动词形式。时间有四个主要部分，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来；动作方面也有四种，即一般、完成、进行和完成进行。‎ 四个动作特点，如：‎ ‎1、一般方面：①叙述一个事实，时间可以不具体。②动态动词一般方面，常表示动作已完成。‎ ‎2、完成方面：①表述一个动作已完成。②跨两个时间，动作发生在前一个时间而说话人站在后一个时间。‎ ‎3、进行方面：①表示动作在一时段中进行。②往往有一定的场景，可以生动体现。‎ ‎4、完成进行方面：①兼有完成进行两方面的特点。②跨两个时间段。‎ 下面将具体阐述这十六种时态的各自用法。‎ 二、一般现在时 ‎1、表经常 ‎⑴一般现在时的基本用法：一般现在时常表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。这也是一般现在时的基本用法，一般现在表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态时，常和always、often、usually、sometimes、every day等表示时间的状语连用，但有时可以不表示出来。如：‎ He gets up very late every day.‎ She often goes to school early.‎ He is always like that.‎ Where do you work?‎ What’s your job?‎ He never speaks to strangers.‎ We don’t have classes on Sundays.‎ Generally, she is shy.‎ ‎⑵表示人的习惯、能力、职业、特征和现实的情况或状态等。如：‎ He likes to have a work in the park.（表示习惯）‎ She dances very well.（表示能力）‎ Miss Wang teaches English.（表示职业）‎ The flower looks very beautiful.（表示特征）‎ He studies at a teachers college in Anhui province.（表现实的情况）‎ She is angry and sad.（表示现实的状态）‎ ‎⑶表示客观真理、客观事实和客观规律，也用于格言中。如：‎ The earth moves round the sun.‎ Light travels faster than sound.‎ Knowledge is power.‎ Fire burns.‎ Water boils at 100℃.‎ Spring follows winter.‎ No man but errs.‎ Time and tide wait for no man.‎ A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.‎ ‎⑷表示强硬语气、警告或指点道路。如：‎ You mind your own business.‎ If you do like that, you go to prison.‎ You work along the street, and turn left at the second corner.‎ ‎⑸在新闻标题、小说章节或电影、戏剧情结介绍或报纸、杂志、书籍，不强调过去时间时，常用一般现在时。如：‎ What does today’s paper say?‎ US president holds talks with British Prime Minister.‎ Bank robbery: Robbers take $20,000.‎ ‎2、表现在 ‎⑹一般现在时表示现在时刻发生的动作或存在的状态，这一时刻往往即是说话时的时刻，往往是短暂的。如：‎ Now, look, I cut the cake.‎ What time is it now?‎ My watch says it is eight o’clock.‎ ‎⑺表示现在时刻的一般现在时，可以表示作为整体已经完成的动作。动词常用see、hear、learn、forget、read、understand等表示“已知、已忘”等，可用一般现在时代替现在完成时；It be+时间+since结构中也可用一般现在时代替现在完成时。如：‎ I forget (have forget) her address.‎ He learns (has learnt) the news.‎ It is (has been) many years since he died.‎ ‎⑻用于延续性动词或静动词，表示持续的状态、内心活动、各种知觉、爱憎等。如：‎ The contract holds good.‎ The boy lies on the grass.‎ I want a cup of coffee.‎ I wish you happy every day.‎ He hates drinking wine.‎ I love nature.‎ Supper tastes delicious.‎ The material feels soft.‎ What upsets you?‎ I owe nothing to anybody.‎ ‎3、表示将来 ‎⑼一般现在时可表示最近的将来，说话人在说话时动作尚未开始，但即将开始。另外，表示最近将来的一般现在时常和why don’t you连用，表示请求或劝告。如：‎ Now, I leave.‎ Here give you an example.‎ I’m off.‎ Why don’t you to have a rest.‎ ‎⑽表示按客观时间表将要发生的动作或事先安排好的动作，这种安排很固定，不易改变，好像变成了事实一般。这种一般现在时多用于转移动词。如：arrive、go、come、leave、start、begin、sail、come、depart、end、open、close、finish、dine等，往往后接时间状语。如：‎ The train arrives at 2:00 p.m.‎ The bus leaves at 8:00 a.m.‎ When do you start?‎ The meeting begins at 8:00 o’clock.‎ Is there a film tonight?‎ He retires next year.‎ The plane takes off at 11:00 p.m.‎ 对此要注意以下三点：‎ a、 这种一般现在时常与一般将来时连用。如：‎ Tomorrow, my brother goes abroad, I will see him off.‎ He departs next week, you will never see him again.‎ b、 动词suppose、assume、decide、know等后的宾语从句中，一般现在时可表示较近的将来。如：‎ I hope that you stay at my home until the next month.‎ I suppose that our summer holiday begins in the next month.‎ Tomorrow at this time we will know which team wins the football game.‎ They are discussing to decide who chairs the meeting.‎ Assuming it rains tomorrow, what should I do?‎ c、 一般现在时和现在进行时都可以表示将来，但两者是有区别的，前者多表示非个人计划，指按时间安排将要发生的事；后者则表示说话人自己打算要干什么。如：‎ I leave according to the arrangement of my company.‎ I am leaving tomorrow.‎ ‎⑾一般现在时可用于从句中表示将来。‎ a、 状语从句中：在由when、if、before、after、as、as soon as、the moment（minute、second）、the next time、whenever、until、till、though、even if、in case、unless、so long as、where、wherever等引导的表示时间、条件、让步等状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，其他状语从句如原因、目的、结果等则不可。如：‎ When I grow up, I will become a doctor.‎ I will sleep until my wife comes back.‎ Next time we meet, we will have a dinner together.‎ If you want to study English well, I will help you.‎ Unless you kick the bad habit, your whole life will be ruined.‎ The moment I arrive, I will send a message to you.‎ Wherever you go, I will accompany you.‎ Whatever you say, I won’t believe you.‎ I will do it as you say.‎ b、 定语从句和宾语从句中：这时主句常用一般将来时。如：‎ I’ll give you anything you ask for.‎ Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.‎ Tomorrow, we’ll know who is elected.‎ I’ll make sure that the door is locked.‎ ‎4、表示过去 ‎⑿一般现在时可以用来表示不确定放入过去时间，但只限于少数动词。如forget、hear、tell、say等，被称作历史现在时。如：‎ That is long long ago.‎ He is long dead.‎ The film is set in the spring of 1945.‎ He says you asked him to eat the apple.‎ Oh, I forget what he said.‎ ‎⒀一般现在时可以表示死者的动作或状态，如果死者的理论、著作仍旧存在且有一定影响。如：‎ Marx says that a foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.‎ Shakespeare is the author of Hamlet.‎ Darwin thinks that natural section is the chief factor in the development of species.‎ 三、现在进行时 ‎1、表示现在 ‎⑴现在进行时的基本用法是现在正在进行的动作，常与now、at present、at the moment、these days等现在时间状语连用，也可不用时间状语。如：‎ Now, the girl is crying.‎ What are you doing now?‎ The telephone is ringing.‎ The sun is rising.‎ ‎⑵表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事。如：‎ He is studying English abroad.‎ John is translating a book.‎ The man is losing weight.‎ ‎⑶现在进行时用于少数瞬间动词，表示反复多次或习惯性动作。常用的这类瞬间动词有jump、knock、kick、hit、nod、tap、wink、drop、shoot等。如：‎ The boy is jumping with great joy.‎ He is nodding his head.‎ Somebody is knocking at the door.‎ I don’t know why she is blinking her eyes.‎ The baby is kicking and screaming.‎ 但有些短暂性动词的现在进行时并不表示动作的重复，而表示动作的开始。如：‎ The sun is setting.‎ The sky is clearing.‎ The ambulance is coming.‎ ‎⑷动作动词的进行时与副词always、forever、continually、constantly等连用，表示重复的动作，表示赞赏、满意、不满、厌倦等感情。这种用法的现在进行时带有一定的感情色彩。如：‎ He is always helping others.‎ You are always leaving something.‎ It’s always raining in this place.‎ The man is constantly changing his mind.‎ He is always boasting.‎ ‎⑸现在进行时常用来描写一种状态，具有感情色彩。如：‎ My head is splitting.‎ I am missing you dreadfully.‎ Peter, I am telling you, you should say sorry to her.‎ I am aching all over my body.‎ The situation is killing me.‎ ‎⑹现在进行时可用来表示一种临时或目前的情况。如：‎ I’m going to school at 7 o’clock this week.‎ Meat is costing more these days.‎ During the summer vacation, we are having dinner at 6 o’clock.‎ ‎⑺表示原来设想“将发生而未发生”的情况，有不耐烦、遗憾等含义。如：‎ He is attending the meeting, but he has an emergency to deal with.‎ My best is always calling me every other week.‎ ‎⑻用来描述、归纳、总结、阐释前面所说的话。如：‎ She keeps silent. She is considering the problem carefully.‎ When I say that, I’m thinking of you.‎ I had not any desire to sleep at all. Something is worrying me.‎ ‎⑼表示较为温和的命令。如：‎ You are sleeping in that room.‎ You are not shouting.‎ ‎⑽表示两个动作进行对比。如：‎ He is studying, while his brother is playing.‎ Some people are smiling while others are crying.‎ ‎⑾表示两个动作是同一动作。如：‎ If you do that, you are doing a foolish thing.‎ People who help others are helping themselves.‎ ‎⑿表示一个被动的动作。如：‎ The dictionary is compiling.‎ The house is building.‎ The document is printing.‎ 这种进行时也可用于过去式和将来时中表示被动。如：‎ The building was constructing.‎ Nothing will be doing.‎ ‎⒀现在进行时也可和since（自从）与for（经历）引导的词语连用，表示的动作不仅现在在进行而且继续进行并持续下去。如：‎ He is teaching math since his graduation from college.‎ For fifty years, my family is living in the village.‎ ‎⒁wonder、hope等少数动词进行时，可以表示委婉语气。如：‎ I’m wondering if I can use your bike.‎ I’m hoping you will help me.‎ ‎2、表示将来 ‎⒂现在进行时除表“现在”外，还可以表“将来”。现在进行时表将来时常有“意图”“安排”或“打算”等含义，常表示最近或较近的将来，所用的动词多是转移动词（即一次性动词）。如：go、leave、come、arrive、travel、stay、move、return、meet、dine等。如：‎ I’m going.‎ She’s coming.‎ I’m leaving this afternoon.‎ Where are you dining?‎ The patient is dying.‎ The sun is setting.‎ We are travelling abroad.‎ 表将来的现在进行时，有时含有“决心”的意思，多用于否定句中。如：‎ I’m not leaving.‎ I’m joining you in the activity.‎ When I grew up, I am becoming a scientist.‎ ‎3、表示过去 ‎⒃现在进行时可以表示离现在较近的过去。如：‎ What are you saying?‎ Why are you laughing at me?‎ All that I’m telling you is a fact.‎ ‎4、泛指经常 ‎⒄ 有时现在进行时并不表示具体时间，而是泛指一切时间，表示经常或强调。如：‎ Whenever I enter his office, he is working hard.‎ When children are doing nothing, they are doing mischief.‎ Rivers and lakes are constantly flowing into the sea.‎ ‎5、be的进行时 系动词be的进行时加动态形容词表示暂时出现的某种情况和本质。主语通常是人，作为一种修饰手法，多含不满、讽刺等意。常见的这类形容词有：carefully、careless、foolish、nice、slow、clever、selfish、patient、cruel、attentive、helpful、naughty、friendly、modest、polite、serious、talkative、sensitive、greedy、calm、thoughtful、wrecked、brave、troublesome等。如：‎ You are not being polite.‎ I am being serious.‎ He is being modest.‎ You are being foolish.‎ The boy is being naughty.‎ She is being noisy today.‎ Doctors are being patient with patients.‎ You were being stupid.‎ ‎6、表示感觉、精神活动等的状态动词不可用于进行时。‎ ‎①有些表示感觉、情绪、感情、精神活动和拥有关系等动词一般不用于进行时态。常见的这类动词有：belong、contain、hold、look、adore、own、have、represent、like、love、dislike、hate、prefer、despise、understand、remember、wonder、cost、want、mind、hope、wish、agree、believe、mean、realize、intend、please、respect、forgive、signify、seem、consist、recognize、recall、recollect、appear、forget、expect、know、mind、desire、fear、exist、appreciate、care等。如：‎ He is holding the opposite opinion.（误 is holding改为holds）‎ I am believing what you said.（误 am believing改为believes）‎ 但是要注意，上述某些动词在表示无意识的动作时，不能用于进行时态；而表示有意识的动作时，又可以用于进行时态。比如“see”这个动词，作为“看见”解时，是无意识的动作，不能用于进行时态；但作为“接见、访问”时，可以用于进行时态，在谈到“看电影、戏剧”时，也可以用于进行时态。如：‎ Can you see that tower?‎ He is seeing his uncle.‎ The families are seeing the film.‎ He is seeing the doctor now.‎ It weighs 100 kilos.‎ The man is weighing himself on the scale now.‎ The room measures ten miles long and ten miles wide.‎ The constructing workers are measuring the land.‎ The flower smells nice.‎ The dog is smelling the bones.‎ He heard the girl sing.‎ We are hearing the lecture.‎ Food tastes delicious.‎ The boy will always taste dishes before eating.‎ He holds half the share in the company.‎ He is holding a book in arms.‎ 另外，某些非延续性动词也不能用于进行时，常见的这类动词有：deny、decide、accept、complete、doubt、admit、allow、refuse、promise、resolve、determine、permit、consent等。如：‎ He is admitting that he has done that.（误 把is admitting改为admits）‎ ‎②状态动词用于进行时，可以强调某一具体时间的特殊状态或暂时的心理状态活动，也可表示某种认识、感情、思维的发展过程，有时则表示“刚刚开始”的含义。如：‎ He is understanding the meaning of your words now.‎ The soup is tasting better now.‎ The boy is remembering his father more and more.‎ I’m recognizing him little by little.‎ As the time goes on, I’m forgetting math.‎ ‎③状态动词用于进行时，常同always、forever、continually、constantly等连用，表示某种行为、情感或思想反复发生，含有赞叹、不满、烦躁等感情色彩。如：‎ She is always believing that bad boy.‎ He is constantly reminding me of the money I own him.‎ ‎7、表示进行时态的词或短语 ‎①带前缀a-的单词 有些带前缀a-的单词表示进行意义,大都相当于现在分词,表示主动。如：awake、asleep、ablaze、agape、afloat、aglow、amiss、astir、awash等。如：‎ The baby is asleep.（=sleeping）‎ The fire is ablaze.（=burning）‎ The boat was afloat.（=floating）‎ ‎②某些短语 a、 有些短语表示进行意义，相当于现在分词，表示主动。如：‎ on the increase在增加 on the decrease在减少 on the watch在值班，在看守 on the wane在衰退 on the decline在下降 on the match在行进 on the ebb在退潮 on the boil在煮 on the prowl在徘徊 on the way在路上，在行进 on the gamble在赌博 on the drink在喝酒 on the rise在上升 on the advance在前进 on the laugh在大笑 on the whimper在啜泣，在埋怨 on tour在旅行 on strike在罢工 on tramp在徒步旅行 on the look-out在寻找 in a quiver在颤抖 in a roar在吼叫 in the fight在作战 in the flight在逃跑 in study在学习 in flight在逃跑 in motion在运动 at feed在进食 at work在工作 at rest在休息 at prayer在祈祷 at table在吃饭 b、 有些短语含有进行意义，但表示被动，相当于分词被动式。如：‎ on show在展出 on sale在出售 on exhibition在展出 in rehearsal在排练 in dispute在讨论 under discussion在讨论 under construction在建设 under study在研究 in operation在手术 in negotiation在谈判 ‎8、现在进行时和一般现在时的用法比较 ‎①暂时性动作和经常性动作。如：‎ The machine is working well.（暂时性）‎ The machine works well.（经常性）‎ His bike has broken down. He’s going to school by bus.（暂时性）‎ He goes to school by bus.（经常性）‎ ‎②永久性动作和短暂性动作。如：‎ He lives in a flat.（永久性）‎ He doesn’t have enough money so he is living in a rent room.（短暂性）‎ ‎③持续性动作和短暂性动作。如：‎ The car is stopping.（渐渐停下来）‎ The car stops.（迅速停下来）‎ ‎④带有感情色彩和不带感情色彩。如：‎ He always looks for mistakes.（事实）‎ He is always looking for mistakes.（不满）‎ She is constantly offering her seat to the old people.（赞扬）‎ She constantly offers her seat to the old people.（事实）‎ 四、一般过去式 ‎1、表示过去 ‎①一般过去式常表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态。这是一般过去式的基本用法，一般过去式时常和过去时间状语连用。如：a minute ago、yesterday、last week、in 1982、in those days等。如：‎ His father fell ill yesterday all of a sudden.‎ They got married last week.‎ It happened after a month.‎ I went to Beijing last summer.‎ 一般过去式可与today、this morning、this week、this year、this month等时间状语连用，但这些时间状语要指过去，绝不包括现在。如：‎ I finished my work this morning.‎ Did you see him today?‎ I learnt a lot this year.‎ 一般过去时可与since（自从）和for（经历）引导的词语连用。如：‎ Nothing happened since then.‎ I lived there for two months.‎ ‎②表示过去的习惯性动作。如：‎ When he was at home, he often watched TV.‎ Whenever he went in those days, he paid special attention to the people and life in a place.‎ ‎③一般过去式用于since从句，主句的谓语动词如同现在完成时，其后接的since引导的从句一般须用一般过去时。如：‎ You haven’t changed much since we last met.‎ It has been three years since I went back to my hometown.‎ ‎④一般过去时表示完成的动作，一般过去时所表的动作多已完成。如：‎ I received a letter from my friend yesterday.‎ He cut the tree yesterday.‎ ‎⑤一般过去式表示某种感情色彩。如：‎ You asked for it.（责备）‎ I told you so.（你不听就是了）‎ Did you ever hear of such a thing? （当然没有）‎ ‎2、表示现在时间 ‎⑥这种用法使句子在语气上较为婉转客气，能这样的动词有：hope、want、intend、think、wonder等。如：‎ I didn’t know you were here.‎ I wondered if you could help me.‎ What did you want? （婉转）‎ What do you want? （较生硬）‎ ‎3、表示将来和过去将来 ‎⑦表示将来发生的事或过去将来发生的事。如：‎ It will be a great thing for a man to say that I died like a hero in the future.‎ He told me that school opened the following morning.‎ ‎⑧在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。（同前面提到的现在时用法相同）‎ 五、过去进行时 ‎1、过去进行时的基本用法:表示过去某一时刻或时间段正在发生的动作,和一般过去时一样常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：‎ I was watching TV at eight o’clock yesterday.‎ When I returned, he was playing computer games.‎ We were expecting you yesterday.（贯穿整个昨天）‎ Mrs Li was praising you today, Tom.（用来打开头话）‎ 当上下文过去时间清楚时，时间状语也省略。如：‎ Oh, I wasn’t noticing the sign.‎ ‎2、不与时间状语连用可以表示逐渐的变化或发展。如：‎ The wind was blowing.‎ It was getting dark.‎ ‎3、表示最近的过去发生的事情。如：‎ I was hearing that a serious traffic accident happened in that street.‎ My father was telling me that my family would have a trip this morning.‎ ‎4、表示过去未实现的愿望或打算。如：‎ I was coming.‎ She was calling on me.‎ I was seeing my grandpa tomorrow.‎ ‎5、表示原因 She didn’t go to school yesterday. She was having a cough.‎ I didn’t notice her. I was looking at my book.‎ ‎—How did you witness the fire?‎ ‎—I was walking in the street.‎ ‎—Why you haven’t finished your homework yet?‎ ‎—I was taking care of my sick mother all day yesterday.‎ ‎6、表示对比 My mother was doing housework. My father was sitting idle.‎ While most students were wasting time at school, their parents were working in the scorching sun.‎ ‎7、表示婉转语气，只限于want、hope、wonder等动词，用以提出请求。如：‎ I was hoping that you could lend some money to me.‎ I was wondering if you could help me with my poor math.‎ ‎8、表示某种持续性动作为背景（一个画面或情景），以引出一般过去时表示的新动作。如：‎ The procession was going. Suddenly a thundering explosion was heard.‎ The dog was biting and suddenly biting stopped.‎ I was leaving home when the telephone rang.‎ We were talking when the light went out.‎ ‎9、与always、forever、constantly、continually等连用，表示某种感情色彩。如：‎ He was always finding fault with others.‎ She was constantly grumbling.‎ The kind lady was thinking of others.‎ ‎10、用在时间或条件状语从句中表示过去将来正在进行的动作。如：‎ He asked me to wake him up if he was sleeping at about 7 o’clock.‎ ‎11、表示按计划安排过去将来要发生的动作，同现在进行时一样与转移动词连用。如：‎ He was leaving his hometown a month later.‎ She was arriving ten minutes later.‎ The plane was taking off in ten minutes.‎ ‎12、过去进行时和一般过去时的区别。‎ ‎①过去进行时表示正在进行尚未完成的动作，而一般过去时则表示动作已经完成。如：‎ They were discussing about the plan, we should keep quiet.‎ They discussed about the plan and made the final decision.‎ He was doing homework at ten last night.‎ He did homework and went out to play.‎ ‎②过去进行时可以表示反复做的动作，而一般现在时表示一次性的动作。如：‎ The baby was waving its hand.‎ The baby waved its hand.‎ The bird was jumping up and down in the cage.‎ The bird jumped up and down.‎ ‎③转移动词arrive、come、go、leave、depart、start、die、take off等的过去进行时表示“快要完成，即将…”，而一般过去式表示“已经完成”。如：‎ The bus was arriving.‎ The bus arrived.‎ The old man was dying.‎ The old man died.‎ ‎④过去进行时同always、forever、constantly、frequently、continually等连用，带有感情色彩；而一般过去时则陈述一个客观事实。如：‎ He was always helping others.‎ He helped the lost boy to find the way.‎ The man was forever playing jokes on others.‎ The man played a joke on the boy to make us happy.‎ 六、现在完成时 ‎1、表示影响或结果 ‎①这是现在完成时的基本用法，现在完成时身跨两个时间之上，一是过去，一是现在。它的动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响或结果。现在完成时常与不确定的时间状语连用，如：just、yet、before、recently、once等；也可同表示频度的时间状语连用，如：ever、never、often、twice、on several occasions等；也同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如：now、today、this、morning、this month、this year等，但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用（yesterday、last year、in 1990等）。如：‎ The rain has stopped.‎ The sky has cleared up.‎ Have you seen the film?‎ He has bought a car.‎ I haven’t seen much of you lately.‎ I have already laid the table.‎ He hasn’t finished his homework yet.‎ He has just gone.‎ We were experienced a lot this year.‎ He has been to Beijing.他去过北京（但现在不在北京）。‎ He has gone to Beijing.他已经去北京了（现在还在北京）。‎ have been和have gone的意思相同：have been表示“去而复归”；have gone表示“去而未归”。‎ ‎②表示一个从过去某个时间开始延续到现在，并可能延续下去的动作。这时常同表示一段时间状语连用，如：since、up and now、so far、up to present、for the past（last） few years、for a long time、these few days（weeks、month、years）等。如：‎ So far, I have learned over 8,000 words.‎ He has lived here for a long time.‎ The writer has written about 20 books for the past (last) few years.‎ ‎③表示某人的经历或已故某人的言论，某个国家的作用对现在和将来具有长久现实意义和深远影响。如：‎ My mother has suffered a lot in the last twenty years.‎ The veteran has experienced much these few years.‎ Li Bai has left us many great poems.‎ Newton has explained the movements of the moon from the attraction of the earth.‎ The West Europe has had a great impact on the development of word history.‎ ‎④现在完成时可同进行时未完成的动作进行对比。如：‎ I don’t know what he is doing and what he has done.‎ Everything is changing or has changed.‎ ‎⑤现在完成时可以表示反问口气，带有一定的感情色彩。如：‎ What have you done?‎ Now you have done it?‎ ‎2、表示持续和重复 ‎⑥现在完成时用于延续性动词，用来表示一种持续性的动作或状态。现在完成时表持续的动作或状态时常和since（自从）或for（经历）连用。如：‎ I have worked here since 2000.‎ He has lived here for many years.‎ She has been a member of the club since five years ago.‎ He has taught at our school since I came.‎ 一般情况下，这种动作可能延续下去，但也有可能不在延续。‎ ‎⑦非延续性动词一般不可用现在完成时表持续性，不能同表示一段时间的状语连用，但在否定结构中则可用现在完成时，因为“否定”本身是可以延续的，常见的这类动词有：marry、leave、arrive、get、reach、fall、jump、knock、find、die、join、end、come、go、begin、start等。如：‎ They have got married for a month.（误）‎ They have been married for a month.（正）‎ They got married a month ago.（正）‎ I haven’t bought anything for three months.‎ My father hasn’t touched wine for seven nights.‎ 但要注意介词for有时并不表示“经历”而表示“目的”，在这种情况下则可和非延续性动词连用。如：‎ I came only for ten minutes.‎ He has come for a month. (=He has come and will stay here for a month.)‎ The businessman has left for a week. (=The businessman has left and will be on business away for a week.‎ ‎⑧现在完成时常可以表示过去重复的动作，这时常与always、often等时间状语连用。如：‎ He has often studied in the library.‎ It has snowed every day this week.‎ Ten times he has tried and ten times he has failed.‎ 这种现在完成时还常与含有另一现在完成时的when从句连用，除when外，也可用every time引导的从句。如：‎ I have often met her when I have been in Shanghai.‎ Every time I have been in low spirits, I have remembered my mother.‎ ‎3、表示将来 ‎⑨同一般现在时一样，现在完成时在when、after、before、as soon as、if等引导的时间状语从句和条件状语中，用现在完成时代替将来完成时。如：‎ When I have attended the entrance examination, I’ll have a trip to Beijing.‎ After you have done it, you will realize the difficulty.‎ Let’s go as soon as the rain has stopped.‎ I will wait until my mother has looked the supper.‎ If you have seen that girl, you will know her beauty.‎ ‎4、现在完成时的常用搭配 ‎①现在完成时与since的连用 a、 现在完成时常与由since引导的时间状语从句连用，不论用的是延续性动词或状态动词的一般过去时，还是非延续性动词的一般过去时，通常表示动作的完成或结束。如：‎ He has earned a lot of money since he lived in Nanjing.（自从他离开南京）‎ I have paid special attention to my body since I was ill.（自从我病愈以来）‎ b、 Since引导的时间状语从句也可用现在完成时，如果有since引导的状语从句的动作或状态延续至今，通常要用现在完成时，这种用法中的since表示动作的延续。如：‎ It is already five years since he lived there.他不在那住已经五年了。‎ It’s already five years since he has lived there.他住在那里已经五年了。‎ She has never been to see him since he has been ill.‎ I haven’t met my best friend since I’ve been back.‎ c、 Since也可用作副词，表示“自从那以后，后来，现在已”。如：‎ Nothing has happened since.‎ He has been a little different ever since.（可加ever以强调）‎ 注意：since后只能接过去某一时间点，即since+过去一点时间，不可接一段时间，可以说since yesterday、since 1997、since World War Two，但不能说since two days、since five years，若since后是一段时间，应该同ago连用，从而变成时间点，如since two days ago、since five years ago。‎ ‎②现在完成时有时可和时间状语long ago连用，可将long ago看作一种添补之辞。如：‎ He has gone long ago.（=He has gone. That was long ago.）‎ She has long ago left home.（=She has left home. That was long ago.）‎ ‎③现在完成时可以和how、why和where等疑问副词连用。如：‎ How have you caused that accident?‎ Why have you cut class?‎ Where has the child gone?‎ ‎④动词think、expect、hope的过去式后加上would或would+完成时，表示希望、期望落空，没有实现。如：‎ I thought that you would have answered the question.‎ She expected that he should have offered the seat to the old man.‎ ‎⑤”It (this, that) is (will be) the first (second, third, last…) time that”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时。如：‎ It is the first time that I have sung on the stage.‎ This will be the second time that he has won the first prize.‎ ‎⑥”It (this) is +the+形容词最高级+名词+that…”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时。如：‎ It is the best time that I have seen.‎ This is the most famous book that he has written.‎ 七、现在完成进行时 ‎1、现在完成进行时的基本用法：现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在，有可能终止，也有可能延续下去，并常和all day、all this time、this week、this month、all night、all the morning、recently以及since（自从）和for（经历）所引导的状语短语或从句连用，与since和for连用时，动作常会延续下去。如：‎ He has been looking for his English book all the morning.‎ He has been writing a book recently.‎ What have you been doing all this time?‎ I have been writing the letter all night.‎ How long has it been raining?‎ He is ill. He has been lying in the bed for three weeks.‎ She hasn’t been sleeping well since her husband left home.‎ ‎2、表示动作刚刚结束。如：‎ I have been seeing my cousin off.‎ He has been entering the room.‎ ‎3、表示动作的重复（指断断续续，而非一直不停）。如：‎ My father has been shaving since last year.‎ You have been saying that for five years.‎ He has been taking part in many football games in this season.‎ ‎4、表示某种感情色彩。如：‎ I have been waiting to have a dinner with you for a long time.‎ Too much has been happening this year.‎ He has been laughing at me.‎ 注意，在否定结构中，现在完成进行时否定状语；而现在完成时则否定谓语。如：‎ He hasn’t been making that mistake since that class.他不是从那节课开始犯那个错误的。‎ He hasn’t made that mistake since that class.从那节课后，他就不犯那个错误了。‎ 八、过去完成时 ‎1、过去完成时的基本用法：过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前完成，也就是说发生在“过去的过去”（“过去的过去”可谓是过去完成时的核心和本质）。既然过去完成时的动作发生在过去某一时间之前，那么，使用过去完成时时，就必须先有一个过去时间不可。如：‎ By the end of last year, he had read 100 English grammar books.（过去时间是the end of last year）‎ Before we arrived, she had laid the table.（过去时间是before从句）‎ 但过去某一时间也可以暗含在上下文中而不表示出来。如：‎ I realized that I had angered her.（had angered发生在过去时realized之前）‎ The house caught fire. We hadn’t foreseen that.（hadn’t foreseen发生在caught fire之前）‎ ‎2、表示“过去的将来”某一时刻之前已经完成的动作。如：‎ He has determined to do it until he had succeeded.‎ The plan would take off as soon as it had stopped snowing.‎ ‎3、过去完成常用在有hardly、scarcely、barely、no sooner…than等副词的句子中，这种结构表示“刚刚…就…，一…就…”。如：‎ Hardly (scarcely) had they left home when it began to rain.‎ No sooner had they left home than it began to rain.‎ They had lived together for many years before they got married.‎ ‎4、动词think、except、suppose、plan、hope、mean、intend等的过去完成时可用来表示本打算做而没有做的事或未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。如：‎ I had thought that he had died several days ago, but he is still living.‎ I had expected to accompany to see the film.‎ We had planned to go on a picnic, but it rained.‎ I had meant to pick you up, but my car was broken today.‎ ‎5、think、hope、expect、want等词的过去完成时常用于比较结构中。如：‎ The plan worked out better than we had expected.‎ Things went more smoothly than we had hoped.‎ ‎6、“It (this, that) + was + first (second, third, last… )或形容词最高级+ that…”结构，从句同过去完成时连用。如：‎ It was the second time that he had gone abroad.‎ This was the first time that I had spoken to a foreigner.‎ It was the most moving film that I had seen.‎ That was the most exciting football that I had watched.‎ ‎7、过去完成时用于间接引语中。如：‎ He told me that the train had left.‎ The doctor said to me that I had caught a bad cold.‎ ‎8、过去完成时和一般过去时在下列四种情况下可以互换使用。如：‎ a、when从句表示过去时间时，有时一般过去时和过去完成时可互换。如：‎ When the bus had arrived/arrived, all the passengers went on it.‎ b、after从句表示过去时间的动作先后关系时，一般过去式和过去完成时可换用。如：‎ He went to that city after he had read/read the map.‎ c、before引导从句表示过去时间时，一般过去时和过去完成时可换用。如：‎ Before he decided to work here, he had though it over.‎ d、在主从复合句中，如果主句包含了过去完成时，从句中一般过去时和过去完成时可换用。如：‎ He said that the man had been sent into prison because he had committed/committed a serious crime.‎ 另外，历史事实通常用一般过去时表示。如：‎ We know that President Lincoln led the American Civil War.‎ 九、过去将来完成时 ‎1、过去完成进行时的基本用法：过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，动作有可能终止也有可能继续下去。和完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间未前提。如：‎ It had been raining for ten days.‎ I had been looking for it all the morning before I found it.‎ The doorbell had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.‎ 和现在完成进行时一样，如果上下文清楚，过去时间也可省去。如：‎ The ground was very wet. It had been raining heavily.‎ The girl felt anxious. She had been waiting a long time.‎ ‎2、表示最近的情况、反复的动作、情绪等。如：‎ He had been making a plan.‎ The teacher had been explaining the question to us.‎ You had been helping me a lot.‎ ‎3、否定句中通常用过去完成时代替过去完成进行时。如：‎ We had not gone to the park for a long time.（一般不说：We had not been going to the park for a long time.）‎ ‎4、过去完成进行时后接when引导的从句，含有“突然”的意思。如：‎ He had been sitting down when the doorbell rang.‎ I had only been studying when the light went out.‎ 十、一般将来时 ‎1、一般将来时的基本用法：一般将来时用来表示单纯的将来事实。一般将来时有两个助动词will和shall，will用于第二和第三人称，shall用于第一人称。一般将来时常和表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow，next week，next month，next year，in a few days，也可与now，today，tonight等时间词连用，当上下文清楚时，时间状语可以省去。如：‎ He will return next month.‎ I shall attend an exam in two days.‎ There will be no rain today.‎ I shall call my mother now.‎ You go first; I will follow up.‎ ‎2、一般将来时的其他结构及其用法。‎ ‎①be going to+动词原形 这种结构表示“打算，计划，安排，决定要做什么事或有迹象表明即将发生”等。如：‎ We are going to have a trip to the beach.‎ I am going to change my job.‎ She is going to get married.‎ Look at the black cloud, it is going to rain.‎ be going to有时表示“预测、肯定、注定会”，be going to通常不可和静态动词连用，如like、believe、think、hope等，但是表示此层含义时则不可同静态动词连用。如：‎ Nobody is going to like the bad guy.‎ Seeing the difficult paper, he is going to believe that he can’t pass it.‎ 另外，be going to还可表示建议、询问或命令。如：‎ What are you going to do with it?‎ The final examination is coming. You are going to make good use of time to study.‎ ‎②be going to和will的比较 a、will表示说话人希望、认为或假定要发生的事情，有时含有一种必然将来的味道，不含任何具体时间；而be going to表示计划、打算、安排要做某事或有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定发生。如：‎ I think China will become stronger and stronger.‎ Fish will die out of water.‎ Listen to the strong wind. We are going to sail with difficulty.‎ Her face becomes red. She is going to get better.‎ b、be going to和will都可以表示意图，但事先考虑过的意图用be going to，不是事先考虑的意图用will。如：‎ ‎—Why do you put off all the pictures?‎ ‎—I am going to repaint the wall.‎ ‎—The box is too heavy to carry.‎ ‎—Oh, I will help you.‎ c、be going to可以用在条件状语从句中表示将来，而will不能。如：‎ If you are going to join the army, you’d better think twice and then make the final decision.‎ ‎③现在进行时 某些转移动词的现在进行时可以表示按计划或安排将要发生的事，常见的有：go、come、arrive、leave、depart、start、stay、die、do、move、sleep、eat、join、return、wear等。如：‎ I’m leaving tomorrow.‎ We are having a meeting this afternoon.‎ The plane is taking off at six.‎ The seriously injured man is olying.‎ ‎④be+不定式 这种结构表示计划、安排或征求意见。如：‎ I am to go finishing.‎ The store is to be closed at 10:00 p.m.‎ Are you to go out with us?‎ 但是，如果不是人能够安排的动作就不能用be to do表示将要发生的动作。如：‎ I feel I am to faint.（误：是否晕倒自己不能安排）‎ I feel I am going to faint.（正）‎ It is to rain.（误：是否下雨人不能安排）‎ It is going to rain.（正）‎ ‎⑤be about+不定式 这种结构表示即将发生的动作,不可和表示将来的时间状语连用,但常和when引导的时间状语连用。如：‎ The film is about to begin.（正）‎ The film is about to begin soon.（误）‎ He is about to leave home when the telephone rings.‎ 注意：be not about to do表示“不愿意”，相当于be not willing to do。如：‎ The stubborn boy is not about to turn to anybody for help.‎ ‎⑥on the point (brink, eve, verge) of表示即将发生的事。如：‎ He is on the point of becoming a college student.‎ The area is on the brink of disaster.‎ The world is on the verge of war.‎ 十一、将来进行时 ‎1、将来进行时的基本用法：表示将来某一时刻正在进行或持续的动作，不表示意愿，常表示安排好之事，给人以期待之感。与表将来的时间状语连用，但当上下文清楚时，也可省去时间状语。如：‎ I will be attending the meeting at six this afternoon.‎ What will you be doing this time tomorrow?‎ I’ll be taking my holidays soon.‎ I’ll be waiting for you.‎ You’ll be hearing from me.‎ 一般将来时和将来进行时的区别：一般将来时既可表示“将来”，也可表示“意志、意图”，而将来进行时则表示“纯粹的将来，指说话者意志无意图的动作”。如：‎ I’ll do my best.（意愿或将来）‎ I’ll be doing my best.（纯粹的将来）‎ ‎2、代替一般将来时 将来进行时可用来代替一般将来时，表示一种已经决定或肯定的动作或情况或某种动作将在发生而未完成。如：‎ I will be seeing my grandparents.‎ The meeting will be ending soon.‎ Stop the child or he’ll be falling over.‎ ‎3、表示某种可能或推测，表示“我料想，我估计”含义。如：‎ You teacher will be telling you about this.‎ He won’t be wanting these old books.‎ Flowers will be coming out soon.‎ ‎4、表示委婉语气，如询问别人的计划、打算，比一般将来时更礼貌，也可表示缓和的命令。如：‎ Will you be having a cup of coffee?‎ Will you be staying at my home?‎ What will you be having for dinner?‎ Where shall we be meeting?‎ 在下列句中，will是情态动词表示“大概、一定”，不表示将来而表现在常与now连用。如：‎ It will be snowing in the north of China now.‎ They will be having dinner now.‎ ‎5、表原因或结果，表原因的将来进行时可用在because从句中，表结果是常与if条件状语从句连用。如：‎ I won’t see the film because I’ll be attending a meeting.‎ You can borrow my car because I won’t be using it.‎ If you don’t speak, they will be thinking you are angry.‎ If you don’t tell him, he’ll be doing it again.‎ 十二、将来完成时 ‎1、将来完成时的基本用法：表示在将来某一时间之前或某动作之前已经完成的动作。如：‎ We shall have completed the project by the end of this year.‎ Before long, the train will have left.‎ ‎2、表示一个持续到将来某时间或某动作之前的动作。如：‎ By next mouth, he will have lived here for ten years.‎ The basketball match will begin at eight, it will have played for twenty minutes when you return.‎ ‎3、表示对现在或将来可能已经完成动作的推测（这里的will是情态动词，表示“我料想，大概）。如：‎ My uncle will have left by now.‎ It is already eleven o’clock, he will have slept.‎ 十三、将来完成进行时 将来完成进行时表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间，是否延续下去要视上下文而定，常和表示将来某一时间的状语连用。如：‎ By that time, he will have been studying for six hours.‎ If it rains again tomorrow, it will have been raining for a whole week.‎ 将来完成进行时也可以表示推测，表示“我料想，大概”，这里will应看作情态动词。如：‎ They will have been having a holiday this summer.‎ It’s eight o’clock; the bus will have been coming back.‎ 十四、过去将来时 过去将来时的基本用法：表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。第一人称应用助动词should+动词原形，其它人称用would+动词原形。如：‎ I knew you would say that.‎ I hoped that they would make up someday.‎ 表示过去的某种习惯性行为只用would。如：‎ He would take a walk in the park every Sunday.‎ 另外，同一般将来时一样，过去将来时也可用was（were）going to、was（were）about to do和was（were）on the point of表达用法相同，只有现在和过去之分，就不再重复。‎ 十五、过去将来完成时 表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作，常和表过去将来的时间状语连用。如：‎ They would have arrived by sunset.‎ He said he would have had dinner before his son came back.‎ I thought that he would have graduated.‎ 下面句子中would是情态动词表示“大概，我料想”。如：‎ That would have been a difficult choice.‎ 十六、过去将来进行时 表示从过去某事看将来某时正在进行的动作或计划中的事，常和表示将来的时间状语连用，但有时上下文清楚时也可省略。如：‎ I never thought that I would be becoming a soldier some day.‎ She said that she would be helping you.‎ They said that they would be discussing the problem together.‎ He paid the rent because he would be leaving here.‎ The person he would be consulting was his class master.‎ 十七、过去将来完成进行时 表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间，是否延续下去由上下文决定。如：‎ He said that by the end of the summer he would have been working in the factory for five years.‎ 过去完成将来进行时可以表示推测，表示“大概”的含义，would应看作情态动词。如：‎ He asked why you hadn’t caught me, he knew that he would have been thinking about something else.‎ 十八、时态的呼应 英语从句（特别是宾语从句）中的谓语动词的时态常常受到主句中谓语动词的制约，这种现象称为“时态呼应”。时态呼应的基本规则如下：‎ ‎1、如果主句中谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时，从句可以根据需要选用相应的时态。如：‎ I know he is (was, will be, has been) the manager in the company.‎ I will remained you that they solved (solve, will solve, have solved) the problem.‎ ‎2、如果主句中谓语动词的时态是一般过去时，则从句要用过去范畴时态（如：一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等）。如：‎ He said that the book was his.‎ I hoped that he was making progress.‎ He told me that he had learned English for seven years.‎ My father promised that he would take me to Beijing to have a trip.‎ ‎3、如果从句表示的是客观事实、规律、真理或一个人习惯性的动作，其时态通常用一般现在时，不受住主句时态的制约。如：‎ Our teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.‎ He said that the plane takes off at six.‎ We all knew that handsome is that handsome does.‎ His mother said that her son gets up at 7 o’clock every morning.‎ ‎4、如果从句表示的仍是现在或将来的时间，即所表示的现在或将来的情况依然存在，其时态不受主句的影响。如：‎ He said he is thinking about that problem.‎ He told me that the meeting will be held next week.‎ He said that he will come to see me the day after tomorrow.‎ ‎5、as…as结构和比较级+than结构不受主句时态的影响，可根据实际情况选用时态。如：‎ He speaks English she does.‎ ‎ she did.‎ He spoke English as well as she will do.‎ ‎ she has done.‎ He will speak English she had done.‎ ‎ you are He is taller than ‎ you were in primary school.‎ ‎6、在有些情况下，未表达的需要，要对时态进行调整，特别是在状语从句和定语从句中，这时时态不需要呼应。如：‎ The man that saved the girl from the fire is a hero.‎ ‎7、一般现在时时态呼应中的三种特殊情况。‎ ‎①我们知道如果主句是一般将来时，在由when、before、after、until引导的时间状语从句以及在由if和unless等引导的条件状语从句中，要用一般现在时表示一般将来时，用一般过去时表示过去将来时。这个规则也同样适用于as、than、whether和where引导的从句。如：‎ I’ll go where you go.‎ He will be on the same train as I am tomorrow.‎ Whether it rains or shines, we will visit you.‎ ‎②如果主句未一般将来时，句中的宾语从句或定语从句的谓语用一般现在时表示将来。如：‎ I will tell you who is the winner of the game.‎ Anyone that wants to have a bright future will make great efforts.‎ ‎③在I don’t mind、I don’t care、it doesn’t matter、it is not important等结构后，多用一般现在时，通常不用将来时。如：‎ I don’t care whether he helps me or not.‎ It doesn’t matter when we meet each other.‎