高考英语直接引语和间接引语

高考英语直接引语和间接引语

直接引语和间接引语 ‎ 引述某人的话一般采用两种形式：一种是直接引语（Direct Speech），即原封不动地引用原话，把它放在引号内；另一种是间接引语（Indirect Speech），即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的内容不放在引号内。‎ 一、 直接引语变间接引语 A． 陈述句的间接引语 ‎ 直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句，引述动词通常是say, tell等。与此同时，间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化。‎ ‎ The foreigner aid to me, I like Beijing very much.那老外告诉我：我很喜欢北京。‎ ‎ → The foreigner told me that he she liked Beijing very much. 那老外告诉我说他（她）很喜欢北京。‎ ‎ She said,We are very fond of sports. 她说：我们都喜欢体育运动。‎ ‎ → She said that they were very fond of sports. 她说他（她）们都喜欢体运动。‎ ‎ I'll go over the grammar lesson once again,he said. 他说：我将把语法课再复习一遍。‎ ‎ → He said he would go over the grammar lesson once again. 他说他将要把语法课再复习一遍。（that可省略）‎ B． 疑问句的间接引语 ‎ 1．一般疑问句和反意疑问句 ‎ 一般疑问句改为间接引语时，要用陈述语序，并要加连词if 或 whether，其主句动词常用ask, wonder, wantto know, didn't know等。句末不用问号。‎ ‎ My teacher asked me, Do you like American country music 我老师问我：你喜欢美国乡村音乐吗？‎ ‎ → My teacher asked me ifwhether I liked American country music. 我老师问我是否喜欢美国乡村音乐。‎ ‎ You haven't been to Beijing, have you asked he. 他问：你没去过北，是吗？‎ ‎ → He asked me ifwhether I had been to Beijing. 他问我是否去过北京。‎ ‎ 2．否定的一般疑问句和选择问句 ‎ 如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时，用whetheror 连接。‎ ‎ She said, Don't you know my telephone number 她说：你难道不知道我的电话号码吗？‎ ‎ → She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not. 她问我是知道她的电话号码。‎ ‎ Do you like this one or that one Tom asked. 汤姆问：你是喜欢这个还是那个？‎ ‎ → Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one. 汤姆问我是喜欢这个还是那个。‎ ‎ 3．特殊疑问句 ‎ 间接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引导宾语从句，注意从句必须用陈述语序，主句谓语动词常用ask。‎ ‎ He asked, How do you like it 他问：你觉得怎样？‎ ‎ → He asked me how I liked it. 他问我觉得它怎样。‎ ‎ She asked me, What's the matter with you 她问我：你怎么啦？‎ ‎ → She asked me what was the matter with me. 她问我我怎么啦。‎ ‎ How many books do you have she asked. 她问：你有多少本书？‎ ‎ → She asked me how many books I had. 她问我有多少本。 ‎ ‎ 4.其它 ‎ 英语中有些疑问句并非提出疑问，而是表示请求、劝告、建议等。这种疑问句变为间接引语时，往往采用其他的形式。‎ ‎ ①．suggest doing ‎ Shall we all go to the film tonight said Michael. 迈克尔说：我们今晚都去看电影，好吗？‎ ‎ → Michael suggested going to the film tonight. 迈克尔建议今晚都去看电影。‎ ‎ What about having a drink he asked. 他问：喝杯怎么样？‎ ‎ He suggested having a drink. 他建议喝一杯。‎ ‎ ②．advise sb to do ‎ Why don't you go hiking asked James. 詹姆士问：你为什么不徒步旅行？‎ ‎ James advised me to go hiking. 詹姆士建议我去徒步旅行。‎ ‎ ③. offer to do ‎ He said, Would you like me to post the letter 他说：你要我寄信吗？‎ ‎ He offered to ost the letter. 他主动提出寄信。‎ ‎ ④．ask sb to do ‎ Will you please bring your reference book here tomorrow she said to me. 她对我说：劳驾你明天把你的参考书带来好吗？‎ ‎ → She asked me to take my reference book there the next day. 她让我第二天把我的参考书带去。‎ A． 祈使句的间接引语 ‎ 1．直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语往往用复合宾来表示，其结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（动词不定式）。引述动词可根据口气选用tell, ask, order, command, request等词，句中please去掉。‎ ‎ She said to me, Please have a rest. 她对我说：请休息一下。‎ ‎ → She asked me to have a rest. 她要求我休息一下。‎ ‎ Don't all answer at once, she said to the pupils. 她对学生说：大家不要齐声回答。→ She told the pupils not to answer all at once. 她叫学生不要齐声回答。‎ ‎ 2．带有let的祈使句（表示请求，建议或命令），可用suggest + -ing形式或suggest +that从句来表示其相应的意思。‎ ‎ Let's go for a walk, said the girl. 那姑娘说，让我们去散散步吧。‎ ‎ → The girl suggested going for a walk. 这女孩建议去散散步。‎ ‎ The teacher sai, Let Lily tidy the classroom. 老师说：让莉莉整理教室。‎ ‎ → The teacher suggested that Lily should tidy the classroom. 老师建议让莉莉整理教室。‎ A． 感叹句的间接引语 ‎ 1．直接引语是感叹句变为间接引语时，多采用宾语从句结构，既可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。‎ ‎ What a clever boy you are!my teacher said to him. 老师对他说，你是个聪明的孩子啊！‎ ‎ → My teacher told him what a clever boy he was. 老师对他说他是一个多聪明的孩子啊。‎ ‎ → My teacher told him that he was a very clever boy. 老师说他是一个非常聪明的孩子。‎ ‎ He said, How well you look! 他说：你看起来气色多好啊！‎ ‎ → He said how well I looked. 他说我看起来是气色多好啊。‎ ‎ → He said that I ooked very well. 他说我看起来气色很好。‎ ‎ 2．有些感叹句可以根据原句的意思，采用适当的动词变为陈述句，不需用间接宾语来转述。‎ ‎ Help! he cried. 他喊到：救命啊！‎ ‎ → He called for help. 他大声呼救。‎ ‎ What terrible weather it is!he said. 他说：多么糟糕的天气！‎ ‎ → He complained about the terrible weather. 他抱怨这糟糕的天气。‎ ‎ Happy Chrismas! he said. 他说：圣诞快乐！‎ ‎ He wished me a happy Christmas. 他祝我圣诞快乐。‎ 一、 间接引语中的词语变化 ‎ 直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、时间和地点状语以及主谓语词序往往要作相应的变化。‎ A． 时态的变化 ‎ 1．时态的变化 ‎ ①现在时间推移到过去时间 ‎ 直接引语中的时态 ‎ 一般现在时 ‎ 现在完成时 ‎ 现在进行时 ‎ 现在完成进行时 ‎ 间接引语中的时态 ‎ 一般过去时 ‎ 过去完成时 ‎ 过去进行时 ‎ 过去完成进行时 ‎ The old man said, I have lived in this street since 1960.‎ ‎ →The old man said that he had lived in that street since 1960. 那老人说他自从196年起就住在那条街上了。‎ ‎ He said, Is it raining ‎ ‎ → He asked if it was raining. 他问是不是正在下雨。‎ ‎ ②过去时间推移到过去的过去 ‎ 直接引语中的时态 ‎ 一般过去时 ‎ 过去完成时 ‎ 过去进行时 ‎ 间接引语中的时态 ‎ 过去完成时 ‎ 过去完成时（不变）‎ ‎ 过去完成进行时或不变 ‎ She said to me, I wrote a letter to my parents three days ago.‎ ‎ →She told me that she had written a letter to her parents three days before.她告诉我她三天前已给她母亲写了一封信。‎ ‎ What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday he asked ‎ ‎ → He asked me what I was doing at seven p.m. the day before. 他问我前一天晚上七点在干什么。‎ ‎ ③将来时间推移到过去将来时间 ‎ 直接引语中的时态 ‎ 一般将来时 ‎ isamare going to do ‎ isamare to do ‎ 间接引语中的时态 ‎ 过去将来时 ‎ waswere going to do ‎ waswere to do ‎ He said, We shall get ready by eight o'clock. ‎ ‎ →He said that they ould get ready by eight o'clock. 他说他们将在8点前准备好。‎ ‎ We are to meet at the school gate, she said to me. ‎ ‎ → Sh told me that they were to meet at the school gate. 她告诉我他们约定在校门口见面。‎ ‎ ④间接引语中保持原来时态不变 ‎ ‎ 在下列情况下，间接引语中的谓语动词时态可以保持不变。‎ ‎ a. 主句为现在时或将来时，间接引语的时态保持不变。‎ ‎ He thinks, She will be back in a month. ‎ ‎ → He thinks she will be back in a month. 他想她将在一个月后回来。‎ ‎ He says, I have accepted her invitation. ‎ ‎ He says he has accepted her invitation. 他说他已接受了她的邀请。‎ ‎ 比较：‎ ‎ 间接引语中的谓语动词时态对比。‎ ‎ Sarah said to me,I have two brothers. 莎莎对我说：“我有两个弟弟。”‎ ‎ Sarah told me that she has two brothers. ‎ 莎莎告诉我说她有两个弟弟。（说话才认为这情况是真实的）‎ ‎ Sarah told me that she had two brothers. 莎拉告诉我说她有两个弟弟。（说话者对此没有什么把握）‎ ‎ b. 间接引语表示的是现在的习惯动作、科学真理、客观事实、格言等。‎ ‎ The geography teacher said to the students, The earth moves round the sun.‎ ‎ → Th geography teacher told the students that the earth moves round the sun. 老师告诉学生地球围绕太阳转。‎ ‎ He said, Every dog has his day. ‎ ‎ → He said that every dog has his day. 他说是人皆有出头日。‎ ‎ c. 间接引语中动词表示的动作说话时仍在进行或状态仍然存在，时态可保持不变。‎ ‎ He said,The window is brokn. ‎ ‎ → He said that the window is broken.他说玻璃窗碎了。‎ ‎ Just now Brown said, My son is ill today. ‎ ‎ → Brown told me just now that his son is ill today. 布朗刚才告诉我说，他儿子今天病了。‎ ‎ d. 间接引语中有明确的过去时间状语，仍可用一般过去时，不必改为过去完成时。‎ ‎ The girl said, Iwas born in 1978. ‎ ‎ → The girl said that she was born in 1978.那女孩说她生于1978年。‎ ‎ She said, My teacher was busy yesterday.‎ ‎ → She said that her teacher was busy yesterday. 她说她老师昨天很忙。‎ ‎ 2．情态动词的变化 ‎ 情态动词在间接引语中都可以改为过去式，must表示必、推测、禁止等意思时，可不变；表示必须时可不变，也可用had to 或would have to。‎ ‎ The senior said, All men must die. ‎ ‎ → The senior said that all men must die. 那老者说人总是要死的。‎ ‎ She said, I must go to see the doctor tomorrow afternoon.‎ ‎ → She saidshe mustwould have to go to see the doctor the next afternoon. 她说第二天下午她一定得去看医生。‎ ‎ He said to me, We used to go there every year. ‎ ‎ → He toldme that they used to come here every year. 他对我说他们过去每年都来这里。（used to在间接引语中不变）‎ A． 代词的变化 ‎ 1．人称代词的变化 ‎ ①当主句的主语是第一人称时，引语中的人称代词不变。‎ ‎ I said, You did quite well in the exam yesterday. ‎ ‎ → I said that you had done quite well in the exam the day before.我说你那天考得不错。‎ ‎ ②直接引语中主语是第一人称时，在改为间接引语时，其人称与主句中的主语的人称一致。‎ ‎ He said to Tom, I'll do my best to catch up with others.‎ ‎ → He told Tom that he would do his best to catch up with others. 他告诉汤姆他将尽他所能赶上其他人。‎ ‎ ③直接引语中主语是第二人称时，在改为间接引语时，其人称和主句的宾语相一致。‎ ‎ He said to her, Where did you put the glasses ‎ ‎ → He asked her where she had put the glasses. 他问她，她把杯子放哪儿了。‎ ‎ 提示：‎ ‎ 如果主句中无宾语，应根据语境或想象，自添适当的宾语；如果直接引语中有呼语，则将其改为间接引语的宾语。‎ ‎ Mother asked, Where have you been ‎ ‎ → Moher asked me where I had been. 母亲问我去哪儿了。‎ ‎ Why are you late again, John the teacher asked.‎ ‎ → The teacher asked John why he was late again. 老师问约翰为什么他又迟到。‎ ‎ ④直接引语中主语是第三人称时，在改为间接引语时不发生变化。‎ ‎ He said to Tom, She can help them. ‎ ‎ → He told Tom that she could help them. 他告诉汤姆她能够帮助他们。‎ ‎ 2．物主代词的变化 ‎ You should not overlook your fault, Mum said to me.‎ ‎ → Mum told me that I should not overlook my fault. 妈妈对我说我不应该忽略我的缺点。‎ ‎ The two boys said, We have lost ur dog. ‎ ‎ → The two boys said they had lost their dog. 这两个男孩说他们的狗丢了。‎ ‎ 3．指示代词的变化 ‎ 直接引语中的指示代词 ‎ this ‎ these ‎ 间接引语中的指示代词 ‎ that ‎ those ‎ She said, This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.‎ ‎ → She said that that wa the house in which Lu Xun had once lived. 她说那是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。‎ ‎ I bought these flowers for you, Jane said. ‎ ‎ Jane said that she had bought those flowers for me. 简说那些花是她为我买的。‎ ‎ I grow these tomatoes myself, he said. ‎ ‎ → He aid that he grew those tomatoes himself. 他说那些胡萝卜是他自己种的。‎ A． 时间和地点状语的变化 ‎ 1．时间状语的变化 ‎ He said, I spoke to them yesterday. ‎ ‎ → He said that h had spoken to them the day before. 他说他前一天跟他们讲过话了。‎ ‎ The student said,We have learned about 3,000 English words so far. ‎ ‎ → The student said that they had learned about 3,000 English words by then. 那学生说到那时为止他们已学会了3,000个英语单词。‎ ‎ 2．地点状语的变化 ‎ 当直接引语变间引语时，地点状语here通常变为there。但如果说话人所在地点就是引述人所在地点，那么仍然使用here.‎ ‎ Come here, please, he said. ‎ ‎ → He asked me to come here. 他叫我到这里来。（引述人地点不变）‎ ‎ → He asked me to go there. 他叫我到那里去。（引述人地点发生变化）‎ ‎ Here she burst out into a flood of tears, he said to me. ‎ ‎ → He told me that she had burst out into a flood of tears there. 他告诉我说，谈到那个地方她就放声大哭了起来。‎