2019届一轮复习外研版选修八Module5TheConquestoftheUniverse学案

2019届一轮复习外研版选修八Module5TheConquestoftheUniverse学案

Module 5 The Conquest of the Universe学案 基础自主回顾 Ⅰ.课标单词 ‎1．__________(adj.)历史性的，有重大历史意义的 ‎2．__________(v.)目击，亲眼看见；亲身经历 ‎3．__________(v.)爆炸 ‎4．__________(v.)看，观察 ‎5．__________(v.)承认；认为 ‎6．__________(adj.)任意的；随机的 ‎7．__________(n.)失败 ‎8．__________(v.)指责 historic witness burst view acknowledge random defeat accuse 9．__________(v.)起誓保证 ‎10．__________(n.)(刚提及的两个人或物之中的后一个，第二个)‎ ‎11．__________(n.)部分 ‎12．__________(v.)预知；预见 ‎13．__________(n.)帮助 ‎14．__________(adj.)丰富的；广泛的 ‎15．__________(n.)同情；同情心 swear latter division foresee aid broad sympathy 16．__________(adj.)一致的；吻合的 ‎17．__________(n.)尊贵；尊严 ‎18．__________(adj.)剧烈的；激烈的 ‎19．__________(adj.)稳定的；安定的 ‎20．__________(adj.)最高超的；最优的 ‎21．__________(v.)咨询；请教 ‎22．__________(adj.)习惯的→__________(vt.)使……习惯 ‎23．__________(v.)假定，假设→___________(n.)假定，假设 consistent dignity acute stable supreme consult accustomed accustom assume assumption 24．__________(n.)耐心→__________(adj.)耐心的→__________(adv.)耐心地 ‎25．__________(adj.)高级的，先进的→__________(vt.&vi.&n.)前进；取得进展；推进；增进 ‎26．__________(v.)依靠；取决于→____________(n.)→__________(adj.)依靠的；依赖的 ‎27．__________(n.)安慰；宽慰→__________(vt.)减轻；救济；解除 ‎28．__________(n.)忠诚→__________(vt.)奉献；致力于 patience patient patiently advanced advance depend dependence dependent relief relieve devotion devote Ⅱ.常用短语 ‎1．____________成功；及时到达，赶上 ‎2．____________不管 ‎3．____________祈望；祈求 ‎4．_______________________习惯于 ‎5．____________开始做；着手进行 ‎6．____________踏上 ‎7．__________________依靠，指望 make it in spite of pray for be accustomed to set out to do set foot on depend on/upon 8．________________令某人悲伤的是 ‎9．_________________与……一致 ‎10．________________________指责某人某事 ‎11．____________与……相似的 ‎12．____________一系列的；一连串的 ‎13．_____________________来帮某人 ‎14．_______________________在……一开始的时候 to one's sorrow be consistent with accuse sb. of (doing) sth be similar to a series of come to one's aid at the very beginning of Ⅲ.重点句型 1．The world was in shock—maybe they assumed this space flight would be ________ dangerous ________ getting on an aeroplane. 全世界都震惊了——也许他们原本都认为这次太空飞行跟乘坐飞机一样没什么危险。‎ 答案：no more; than 2．...little ________ he know what impact he was going to make. ……他根本不知道他将要造成多大的轰动。‎ 答案：did 3．________________， both the observations of science and the evidence of our eyes lead to the inescapable assumption that... 尽管看起来不可思议，但科学观测以及我们肉眼看到的证据都必然会让我们做出一个设想……‎ 答案：Incredible as it may seem Ⅳ.模块语法 1. ________seems strange to us is ________ the troublesome boy is getting along well with all his teachers. A. It；that　　　　　　　B. What；how C. It；how D. What；that 答案与解析：D　本题考查名词性从句的用法。句意：让我们很奇怪的是，这个讨厌的男孩和他所有的老师相处得都很融洽。why引导了一个主语从句：that引导了一个表语从句。 2．________troubles me most is ________I can‘t learn all these English idioms by heart. A. What；that B. That；what C. What；what D. That；that 答案与解析：A　本题考查名词性从句的用法。what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语，该从句意思是“最使我感到麻烦的是”；that引导表语从句，that引导名词性从句时，不作任何成分。 3．Nobody believed his reason for being late for his class ________ his bicycle ‎ had broken down halfway. A. why B. because C. that D. which 答案与解析：C　本题考查that引导同位语从句的用法。that引导的从句作reason的同位语。 4．________she couldn‘t understand was ________ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. A. What；why B. That；what C. What；because D. Why；that 答案与解析：A　本题考查名词性从句的用法。what引导了主语从句并在从句中作宾语；why引导了表语从句并在从句中作原因状语。 5．________has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. A. Who B. That C. How D. Whoever 答案与解析：D　本题考查whoever引导主语从句的用法。whoever引导主语从句，强调“无论是谁”。 考点探究解密 考 点 解 读 ‎1．accustomed adj.经常的，惯常的 Li Hua is accustomed to working hard.‎ 精讲拓展：‎ ‎①accustom vt.(与介词to连用)使习惯于……，使适应……‎ ‎②accustom oneself/sb. to使自己/某人习惯于；养成……的习惯 ‎③be accustomed to习惯于(表示状态)‎ ‎④become/get accustomed to习惯于(不延续的动作)‎ ‎⑤be used to习惯于 ‎⑥be in the habit of习惯于 朗文在线： ①He was accustomed to a life of luxury. 他习惯了奢华的生活。 ②It took a while for me to accustom myself to all the new rules and ‎ regulations. 我经过了一段时间才逐渐适应了所有新的规章制度。 命题方向：accustomed作形容词的用法和所构成的句型，有可能在高考单项填空和完形填空中考查。 活学巧练： (1)They had to ________ (使习惯) themselves to the hot weather in the south.‎ 答案：(1)accustom　‎ ‎(2)Somehow, I couldn't ________ (适应)the school life here.‎ 答案：(2)get accustomed to (3)They will soon become_accustomed_to speaking English in class.(替换)______‎ 答案：(3)be used to ‎(4)我不习惯这么早起床。 翻译：________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎　答案：(4)I'm not accustomed to getting up so early. (5)他们将很快适应在课堂上讲英语。 翻译：________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：(5)They will soon get/become accustomed to speaking English in class. (6)他们不得不使自己习惯南方炎热的天气。 翻译：________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎ 答案：(6)They had to accustom themselves to the hot weather in the south. 2．assume v．　(1)假定，假设，认为；(2)承担(责任)，取得(权力)，就职；(3)呈现(外观，样子)，显露(特征)；(4)假装，装出 精讲拓展： ①assume the worst 向最坏处打算 ②assume for 假设…… ③assume that 从句，假定…… ‎ ‎④assumed adj. 假定的，假设的 ⑤assumption n. 假定，假设，承担……责任，担任 ⑥ provided ( that ) /providing ( that)．..如果……只有…… ⑦assume sb. to be 认为某人…… 朗文在线： ①Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds. 我们暂时假设计划成功。 ②The court assumed responsibility for the girls‘ education. 法庭承担了保障这些女孩受教育的责任。 ③The matter has assumed importance. 这件事看来相当重要。 ④He assumed a feeling of sorrow. 他假装很悲伤。 活学巧练： I hope to go to college next year，________I pass the exams. A．assumed　　　　　　　B．assume C．assuming D．to assume 答案与解析：C　句意：我希望明年上大学，认为我能通过考试。assuming 在句中作伴随状语，且与主句形成主谓关系。 3．acknowledge vt.承认；公认为；认为；对……表示感谢，答谢，致谢；表明已收到 I acknowledge the truth of his statement. 精讲拓展： ①acknowledge one‘s defeat承认失败 ②It is universally acknowledge that...……是大家所公认的 ③acknowledge the applause谢幕 ④acknowledged adj.公认的 ⑤acknowledgely adv.公认地 ⑥acknowledgment n．承认，承认书；感谢 词语辨析：admit，acknowledge与confess ①admit通常指因外界压力、良心或判断而承认某事的存在或真实性，含“‎ 不情愿”之意。 ②acknowledge指“公开承认”，常用于过去隐瞒或否认之事。 ③confess看重承认自己的过错或罪恶，因此有“忏悔”“坦白”的含义。 朗文在线： ①Do you acknowledge that you‘ve been wrong? 你承认是你错了吗？ ②Tom was widely acknowledged to be the honest student in our class. 汤姆被认为是班里最诚实的学生。 ③The company acknowledged the receipt of the goods. 公司来函告知货物已收到。 活学巧练： (1)普遍认为他是世界最佳运动员。 He is widely ________________ the best player in the world. ＝He is widely ________________ the best player in the world. ＝______________he is the best player in the world.‎ 答案：acknowledged to be; acknowledged as; It is acknowledged that (2)We ________with thanks your timely aid when we were in trouble. A．attributed B．knowledge C．acknowledged D．promised 答案与解析：C　句意：我们对你的及时帮助表示深深谢意；attribute“对……贡献”；knowledge n．“知识”；promise“许诺”。 4．consult vi.& vt.　(1)咨询，请教；(2)(与某人)商议，商量(以得到许可或帮助决策)；(3)查阅，查询，参看 精讲拓展： ①consultant n．顾问 ②consultation n．咨询，请教；磋商 ③consult sb.‘s convenience/wishes考虑到某人的方便/愿望 ④consult a doctor about one’s illness找医生看病 ⑤consult reference books/the dictionary翻阅参考书/查词典 ⑥refer to the dictionary/look up the word in the dictionary查字典 ⑦consult one's watch 看手表 ⑧consult sb.'s feelings 尊重某人的感情 ‎ ‎⑨consult with sb. 与某人商量，与某人磋商 ⑩consult sb. about sth. 请教某人某事 朗文在线： ①Have you consulted your doctor about your disease? 关于你的病情你问过医生了吗？ ②He consulted with me about his business future. 关于他的业务的下一步打算他和我商讨过。 ③He has consulted many medical books. 他查阅过很多医书。 活学巧练： Don‘t ________your dictionary when you do this exercise. A．consult B．look up C．insult D．result ‎ 答案与解析：A　consult the dictionary“查字典”，与look up the word in a dictionary意思相同；insult vt.“侮辱，辱骂”；result n．“结果，成果，后果”。‎ ‎5．accuse vt.指责 精讲拓展： ①accuse sb. of...指控某人…… ②the accused被告 ③accusation n．控告，告发；指控 朗文在线： ①He was accused of murder. 他被指控犯了谋杀罪。 ②The report accused the government of shirking its responsibilities. 报告指责政府推卸责任。 ③His neighbor accused him of playing the musical instrument too loudly. 邻居指责他乐器弹奏的声音太吵了。 词语辨析：accuse与charge ①accuse指“当面指控或指责，不一定诉诸法庭”。 ‎ ‎②charge指“因犯较大错误或重大罪行而进行正式法律控诉”。 ③二者的用法搭配不同： accuse sb. of sth.; charge sb. with sth. She accused him of stealing her watch. 她控告他偷她的表。 The police are going to charge him with murder. 警察要控告他杀人。 命题方向：accuse为新课标重点词汇，该词与其名词形式accusation有可能以词义辨析的形式出现在高考单项填空或完形填空中。 活学巧练：介/副词填空 (1)Her son was accused ________ cheating by the police.‎ 答案：of (2)(2009·四川南充模拟)The soldier was ________ of running away when the enemy attacked. A. scolded B. charged C. accused D. punished 答案与解析：C　考查动词辨析。可从介词角度考虑：scold和punish与for连用；charge作“控告”讲时，与with连用，故这三词均被排除。accuse用法为accuse sb. of (doing) sth.。 6．relief n．安慰；宽慰 精讲拓展： ①to one's relief使某人感到宽慰的是 ②a relief fund救济金 ③give relief to sb.'s sorrow减轻某人的悲伤 ④relieve vt.减轻；换班；救济；调剂 ⑤relieve one's feelings发泄感情 ⑥relieve sb. of sth.替某人拿重物；帮助某人减轻(负担) 朗文在线： ①Much to my relief/To my great relief, her injuries were only slight. 她的伤势很轻，这使我大为放心。 ②This medicine will give/bring you some ‎ relief. 这药会减轻你一些痛苦。 ③Let me relieve you of that heavy parcel/of some of the housework. 我来帮你拿这好沉的一大包东西吧/我来帮你做些家务吧。 命题方向：relief和其动词形式relieve有可能以词义辨析的形式出现在高考单项填空和完形填空中。 活学巧练： To our great ________， Geoffrey‘s illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared. A．anxiety B．relief C．View D．judgment 答案与解析：B　根据句意，病情不是那样严重，使人“宽慰”。 7．make it成功；及时到达，赶上；能参加 精讲拓展： ①make it big大获成功 ②make it through熬过……，挺过…… ③make it＋time就定为某时间吧；看表是……时候 ④make it up to sb.给某人补偿 ⑤make it up with sb.和某人和解；和某人言归于好 朗文在线： ①If we run, we should make it. 如果跑着去的话，我们应该还能赶得上。 ②I don‘t know how I’m going to make it through the day. 我不知道我将如何熬过这一天。 ③The other day I had a quarrel with Tom, but now I have made it up with him. 前几天我和汤姆吵架了，但现在我和他已和好如初了。 活学巧练： —He got the first prize in his math contest. —Yes，I wondered how he did ________. A. make to it B. make to C. make successes D. make it 答案与解析：D　考查固定短语make it成功做某事。句意：——‎ 他在数学竞赛中获得一等奖。——是的，对他是如何做到的，我感到奇怪。 8．An ordinary teacher, Christa McAuliffe,37，who was married with two children, was to be the first civilian in space.一位37岁的普通教师克里斯塔·麦奥里菲将要成为第一位进入太空的普通公民，她已经结婚并有两个孩子。 Christa McAuliffe与an ordinary teacher是同位语；37与who引导的非限制性定语从句都是来修饰、限定、解释与说明an ordinary teacher的。 动词不定式短语：to be the first civilian in space在句中作表语，表示“有安排意向或者目的打算。” My brother is to be married. 我哥哥打算要结婚。 What I would suggest is to start work at once. 我的建议是立刻开始工作。 误区警示： (1)动词不定式作表语一般表示具体的动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 (2)主语是动词不定式(表条件)，表语也是不定式(表结果)。 (3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明的作用。 (4)be about to do表主客观未实现的意图。(不与具体时间连用) (5)expect，intend，hope，mean，plan，promise，suppose，think，want，wish后接动词不定式表示愿望或想法。 (6)had better/would rather后接省略to的不定式，表示建议或愿望。 活学巧练： (1)The most important thing is ________ with them about the future of the factory. A. to negotiate B. negotiate C. negotiating D. negotiated 答案与解析：A　句意：最重要的是与他们商讨一下这个工厂的将来。此空是选表语，故用动词不定式作表语，表将来且对主语进行补充说明。 (2)To work means ‎ ________. A. to earn a living B. earn a living C. earning a living D. earned a living 答案与解析：A　主语是动词不定式表条件，表语也应当是动词不定式来表示结果。 9．复习名词性从句 根据从句在复合句中所充当的成分，可以分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。 (1)主语从句 主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语，引导主语从句的连接词有：who, that, which, what, when, where, how, whether, why, whichever, whatever等，其句型结构可以分为以下几种： ①It＋主句谓语部分＋连接词＋主语从句 It is known to all that we love peace. 众所周知，我们热爱和平。 ②What＋主语＋及物动词谓语＋主句谓语部分 What he said is right.他的话很对。 ③Whoever/Whatever/Whichever＋主语从句＋主句谓语部分 Whoever wants to go may go at once. 不论谁想走，现在就可以走。 注意：①that从句作主语时，that无意义，但不能省略；但作宾语时that可省略。 ②whether既可引导主语从句也可引导宾语从句，但if不可引导主语从句。 (2)表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语，其结构为“主语＋系动词＋连词(that/if/whether)/连接代词/连接副词“，引导表语从句的连接代词有who, whom, which, whose, what；连接副词有when, where, why, how等。 This is why Einstein and his family left Europe for the USA in 1933. 这就是爱因斯坦和他的家人于1933年离开欧洲去美国的原因。 This is what he wants. 这正是他想要的东西。 ‎ ‎(3)宾语从句 在复合句中，作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句、表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语 动词的宾语。 ①用who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，但句子要用陈述语序。 I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉你什么了。 ②注意宾语从句中的时态呼应。当主句是现在时态，从句根据句子的自身情况，可使用不同时态；当主句是过去时态，从句要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象等时，从句仍用现在时态。 I know (that) he will study English next year. 我知道他明年将学习英语。 The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. 老师告诉我们汤姆已经离开我们去美国了。 (4)同位语从句 同位语从句主要用于对某一特定名词所表示的具体内容作进一步的解释或说明，从句与前面的名词之间是同位关系，这一名词在从句中不充当任何成分。同位语从句除了可以用that引导以外，还可以用whether, when, where或why引导。 The news that he has come is true. 他已来了的消息是真的。 I have no idea when they will come to visit China again. 我不知道他们将何时再访问中国。 注意：同位语从句中的that不作句子成分，但不能省略。 活学巧练： (1)(2009·潍坊12月检测)Later they discovered，________ was news to him，that Pamela was the headmaster‘s daughter. A．that B．which C．what D．who 答案与解析：C　what＝the thing that。若用which引导非限制性定语从句，which指代整个主句的意思，则which不能放在主句之前，或插入到主句中间，只能放在主句之后。 (2)(2007·安徽)You can only be sure of ________ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ________ you might get in the future. A．that; what B．what; / C．which; that D．/; that 答案：B (3)(2007·上海)The traditional view is ________ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. A．when B．why C．whether D．that 答案：D (4)I haven't seen her________the time________she had the accident. A．for; that B．since; when C．since; as D．for; when 答案与解析：B　the time是点时间，故不能用介词for；the time之后用when引导定语从句。 (5)See the flags on top of the building? That was ________ we did this morning. A．when B．which C．where D．what 答案：D 考 题 演 练 ‎ ‎1. At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see ________ it got any better. A. when B. how C. why D. if 答案与解析：D　if在此引导宾语从句，意为“是否”。 2． Would you please ________ the paper for me and see if there are any obvious ‎ mistakes? A. look around B. look into C. look up D. look through 答案与解析：D　look around/round环顾，四下察看；look into调查，向……里面看；look up查阅；抬头往上看；look through快速查看，浏览。由后面的and see if there are any obvious mistakes可知，空格处应表示“快速看一下”。 3． The fact has worried many scientists ________ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. A. what B. which C. that D. though 答案与解析：C　分析句式结构可知此处缺少同位语从句的引导词，从句意义、结构均完整，所以选that。 4． I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don‘t have enough money to buy ________. A. one B. it C. this D. that 答案与解析：B　代替前面提到的事物用it；one泛指一类中的任何一个。此时it代替前面的this house。 5． —They are quiet, aren‘t they? —Yes. They are accustomed ________ at meals. A. to talk B. to not talk C. to talking D. to not talking 答案与解析：D　be accustomed to习惯于，to为介词，后接名词或动名词；由句意可知表示否定意义，故选D项。 6． People in Chongqing are proud of ________ they have achieved in the past ten years. A. that B. which C. what D. how 答案与解析：C　what引导名词性从句，同时充当achieved的宾语。 7． As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about ________ he will do or ‎ think. A. what B. which C. whom D. that 答案与解析：A　guess about表示“猜测”，其后跟的应该是宾语从句。由于do or think为及物动词短语，故空格处既要引导宾语从句，又要在从句中作宾语使用，故可排除that；由于没有明确的范围，故可排除which；从句意看该处应指物而不指人，故可排除whom。 8 We can never expect ________ bluer sky unless we create ________ less polluted world. A. a；a B. a；the C. the；a D. the；the 答案与解析：A　句意：如果我们不创造一个减少环境污染的世界，我们永远不会期望拥有一个更蓝的天空。根据句意，“a bluer sky”“a less polluted world”为可数名词且表示泛指，所以都用不定冠词。 9． His efforts to raise money for his program were ________ because no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets. A. in place B. in sight C. in effect D. in vain 答案与解析：D　in place在适当的位置；in sight在视力所及范围之内；in effect实际上；in vain徒劳。由状语从句中的no one showed any intention可知，他筹钱的努力失败了。 ‎