【英语】2019届高考英语二轮复习增分技巧学案：专题一习题讲评课四

【英语】2019届高考英语二轮复习增分技巧学案：专题一习题讲评课四

‎ 推理判断题增分点(二)——观点态度 ‎[典例]　(2018·浙江高考阅读C节选)‎ ‎...‎ The problems of excessive (过度的) energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L．Friedman.He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.‎ Friedman points out that the green economy (经济) is a chance to keep American strength.“The ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.” ‎ ‎30．What is Friedman’s attitude towards America’s future?‎ A．Ambiguous.　　　 B．Doubtful.‎ C．Hopeful. D．Tolerant.‎ ‎[解析]　选C　根据选段第一段中的“hopes for the best”和第二段可知，Friedman虽然对未来担心，但抱有最好的希望，他认为绿色经济是使美国保持实力的一个机遇，由此可知Friedman对美国未来是充满希望的，故选C。‎ ‎[干扰项分析]　A项意为“模棱两可的”；B项意为“感到怀疑的”；D项意为“容忍的”。要排除干扰项，先要弄清各干扰项的意思，是表示支持或肯定、中立还是反对或否定，然后再对照文章的内容一一排除。‎ ‎[增分技巧]‎ ‎(1)根据文章体裁推断观点、态度。‎ 议论文 文章的论点往往会直接或间接的表明作者的态度立场 说明文 作者往往采取中立的态度 记叙文 作者往往不直接提出观点，但常常有某种倾向性，读文时要细心捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词或短语 ‎(2)不要掺杂自己的观点。要学会区分不同的观点，尤其要善于找出作者的观点。考生要注意文中出现的直接引语和间接引语，出现的观点一般是当事人的观点，而不是作者的观点。作者的观点一般用in my opinion/view, personally, I think, I hold等词语引出。‎ ‎(3)牢记常见有关作者观点态度的词语。‎ ‎①表示支持或肯定：appreciative欣赏的； approving赞成的，同意的； favorable赞同的； positive积极乐观的； supportive支持的； optimistic乐观的； hopeful充满希望的。‎ ‎②表示中立：ambiguous模棱两可的； cautious谨慎的； uncaring冷漠的； unconcerned不关心的； uninterested不感兴趣的； objective客观的； neutral中立的。‎ ‎③表示反对或否定：disgusted憎恶的，厌恶的； critical批评的； negative否定的，消极的； disappointed失望的； disapproving不赞成的； doubtful怀疑的。‎ 训练目标(一) ‎ 对点练——攻克失分短板 A(2018·北京高考阅读D节选)‎ ‎...‎ Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the carcontrolled transportation system we have today.The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably.The car of the future is coming.We just have to plan for it.‎ ‎50．What is the author’s attitude to the future of selfdriving cars?‎ A．Doubtful.　　　　　 　 B．Positive.‎ C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic.‎ 解析：选B　根据选段最后两句“The car of the future is coming.We just have to plan for it.”可知， 无人驾驶车辆的时代马上来到，我们仅仅是为它作好计划。由此推断作者对于这种新科技持积极乐观的态度。‎ B(2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读 C节选)‎ ‎...‎ Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert.But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality.The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.‎ ‎...‎ ‎30．What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?‎ A．Cautious. B．Favorable.‎ C．Ambiguous. D．Disapproving.‎ 解析：选B　根据选段中的“The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.”这句话中的permitted可推知政府对发展飞行汽车是支持的，故选B项。‎ C(2017·全国卷Ⅲ阅读 C节选)‎ ‎...‎ The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The U．S.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.‎ ‎31．What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?‎ A．Doubtful. B．Positive.‎ C．Disapproving. D．Uncaring.‎ 解析：选B　根据选段中“The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.”这句话中的“a valuable experiment”可知，作者认为这项工程很有价值，因此他的态度应当是积极肯定的。故选B项。‎ D(2016·四川高考阅读C节选)‎ ‎...‎ ‎“I have a special love for the French Guianese people.I have worked there on and off for almost ten years，” says Gin.“I’ve been able to keep firm friendships with them.Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment.I don’t see it as a lawless land.But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”‎ ‎...‎ ‎30．What is Gin’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?‎ A．Cautious. B．Doubtful.‎ C．Uninterested. D．Appreciative.‎ 解析：选D　根据选段中的“I don’t see it as a lawless land.But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”可知，摄影师Gin并不认为这是一个没有法律的地方，相反他认为这是一块自由的土地。由句中的“an area of freedom”推断出摄影师Gin欣赏这群土著居民的生活方式。‎ 训练目标(二) ‎ 综合练——提高解题速度 ‎(加黑的题目为推理判断题，加★的为观点态度题)‎ A What was the last thing you did before going to bed last night？You were probably on a device (设备): reading emails, surfing the web or checking social media.‎ You’re not alone.A study by the National Sleep Foundation shows 48% of American adults use devices such as phones or laptops in bed.‎ Unlike reading and watching TV, modern devices are interactive (互动的) rather than passive.Their connectivity to the outside world comes into the bedroom.‎ It appears there is a marked difference between staying up late with a good book or watching television in bed and using smartphones and laptops.The way we interact with electronic devices allows them to eat into far more of the time we should be asleep, according to researchers.‎ ‎“These devices are causing sleep procrastination (拖延)，” says Marthew Walker, a professor of neuroscience and psychology at the University of California, Berkeley.‎ ‎“Sending a text message, posting something on Facebook or checking your email means you are waiting for a response and revs up your emotional nervous system.”‎ Ben Carter, a professor at King’s College London, conducted a review of 20 studies into the effect of technology on children’s sleep patterns, finding even those who did not use phones or other devices before bed but had them in their bedrooms, slept less deeply than those who left their devices in another room.‎ ‎“It is perhaps the biggest unaddressed public health problem of our time.Sleep is necessary for a wide range of functions that serve our health and well-being.” says Colin Espie, a professor of sleep medicine at the University‎ of ‎Oxford.‎ Yet surprisingly, Walker says technology itself may hold the answer to control our sleep.There are already many devices on the market that claim to monitor and aid people in sleeping.And Walker hopes to use machine-learning technology to produce new ways to help those who are not sleeping properly.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了睡眠前使用电子设备对我们的睡眠及健康带来的影响。‎ ‎1．What does the author think of smartphones and laptops compared with TV?‎ A．They work in a more active way.‎ B．They consume less of our time.‎ C．They have more positive effects.‎ D．They do less harm to our health.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第三、四段可知，与读书和看电视相比，使用手机等电子产品更具有互动性。由此可知答案选A。‎ ‎2．What does the underlined part “revs up” in Paragraph 6 probably mean?‎ A．Makes something stop working.‎ B．Makes something function normally.‎ C．Makes something operate more quickly.‎ D．Makes something develop more steadily.‎ 解析：选C　词义猜测题。画线部分上文提到使用电子产品会导致我们推迟睡眠时间，由此可知，睡前发短信、使用社交网络等行为会使我们的情感神经系统“更加活跃”。rev up “使快速运转”。‎ ‎★3.What’s Colin Espie’s attitude to using electronic devices? ‎ A．Favorable.　　　　　 B．Opposed.‎ C．Unconcerned. D．Ambiguous.‎ 解析：选B　观点态度题。根据倒数第二段可知，Colin Espie认为，睡眠前使用电子产品是我们面临的最大的健康问题，由此可知他反对睡眠前使用电子产品。‎ ‎4．What can we learn from the text?‎ A．Many people rely on electronic devices to fall asleep.‎ B．Ben Carter studied different age groups’ sleep patterns.‎ C．The use of electronic devices may make people eat more.‎ D．Just the presence of electronic devices may affect one’s sleep.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第七段的“finding even those who did not use phones or other devices before bed but had them in their bedrooms, slept less deeply than those who left their devices in another room”可知，就算睡前不使用电子设备，只要电子产品出现在卧室就会影响孩子们的睡眠。‎ B Boom said at the Paris Air Show Tuesday that passengers could fly between London and New York aboard a supersonic (超音速的) commercial airplane in about 2.5 hours within the next six years.The company also aims to shuttle passengers from San Francisco to Tokyo in 5.5 hours, vs. the current 11-hour travel time.Flights from Los Angeles to Sydney would take just under 7 hours, compared with the current 15 hours.‎ ‎“Airlines are eager to find something new and different to offer their passengers — and we’re thrilled that major world airlines share our idea of a future of faster, more accessible supersonic travel，” Blake Scholl, Boom’s founder, said at the show.Five airlines have already placed more than 70 orders for Boom’s faster-than-sound passenger airliners, the company announced.‎ Some experts, however, are skeptical that Boom can make its idea a reality and offer a product that makes financial sense.The European aircraft Concorde, which ended its transatlantic supersonic flight in 2003, was never commercially workable, and with an airfare of $20,000, appealed to only a very narrow slice of travelers, said Robert Mann, an airline industry expert.Fuel economy, unproven technology, and regulations against supersonic commercial flight are key difficulties Boom faces, Mann said.‎ There are also some travel limitations.The United States and many other countries do ‎ not allow supersonic commercial flights over land, because of the loud shock wave that can be annoying to communities below.But a Boom spokesman said that its passenger airliner is being designed to minimize the noise it makes and that Boom will work to change those regulations.‎ The company said that it will succeed where Concorde failed because Boom is using better engines and improved materials to help reduce the costs of operating its aircraft.And a businessclass ticket from New York to London could cost $5,000, Boom estimates (估计), far less than the $20,000 charged by Concorde.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。从纽约到伦敦仅需2.5小时，这可能吗？美国一家航空航天公司Boom在巴黎航空展上宣布他们的超音速飞机有望在六年内将此变为现实。‎ ‎5．In which aspect will Boom’s new airplane stand out?‎ A．Its safety. B．Its speed.‎ C．Its flight paths. D．Its degree of comfort.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。第一段采用举例子、列数字和对比的写作手法，通过对三条航线目前和将来可能的飞行时间进行对比，主要说明超音速飞机可以大大缩短旅行时间，即它在速度上的优势，故选B项。‎ ‎6．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?‎ A．The aim of Boom.‎ B．The partners of Boom.‎ C．The public reaction to supersonic flight.‎ D．The potential market for supersonic flight.‎ 解析：选D　段落大意题。第二段中Boom的创始人称一些航空公司对航空创新和高速商业飞行的发展充满热情，并提到有五家航空公司已向他们订购了七十余架飞机，由此可以看出第二段主要介绍超音速飞机的市场潜力，故选D项。‎ ‎7．What was the main reason for Concorde’s failure?‎ A．It was poorly designed. B．It created terrible noise.‎ C．It was very expensive. D．It burnt too much fuel.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“with an airfare of $20,000, appealed to only a very narrow slice of travelers”和最后一段中的“where Concorde failed ...to help reduce the costs”以及最后一句中价格的对比可知，Concorde失败的主要原因是其价格太高，只能吸引极少的乘客，故选C项。‎ ‎★8.What is Mann’s attitude toward supersonic commercial flight?‎ A．Favorable. B．Disappointed.‎ C．Doubtful. D．Ambiguous.‎ 解析：‎ 选C　观点态度题。第三段中Mann举了以失败而告终的Concorde的例子，又列举了一些超音速飞机面临的问题，由此可推断，他对超音速飞行持怀疑态度，故选C项。‎ C Shopping for and choosing clothes is challenging enough.But imagine if you were unable to use your arms to do anything, or used a wheelchair.‎ The conditions are reality for four people who became the “customers” of 15 students at Parsons School of Design at the New School this year.The students spent their spring term creating clothing to fit their customers’ unique requirements as part of a class run by Open Style Lab, a nonprofit organization whose aim is to design functional and fashionable clothing for people with disabilities.‎ ‎“Disability overlaps (重叠) with aging and universal design，” said Grace Jun, the director of the program.“We need to see it as part of our life cycle.It’s something that we need to not only see from a human rights standpoint but also for its economic value.”‎ ‎“I’m always looking at me being the problem and the clothing as being OK，” said Kieran Kern, who gets around in a wheelchair.When Ms.Kern approached Open Style Lab, she was looking for a coat that would be easy to put on with the limitations of a weaker body.Her team came up with a design with a circular rod (杆) that runs through the collar and allows Ms.Kern to swing the coat across her back with one hand.‎ ‎“The idea of having a coat that sees the parts that make me as just parts and not as a problem that I need to solve was really liberating in an identity sense，” Ms.Kern said.“Because generally, when you have a different body, you don’t really see yourself.”‎ ‎“I think the challenges the students faced throughout the course had a lot to do with the exchange of ideas，” Ms.Jun said.“They were able to understand that no two people with a disability are alike.Being able to design uniquely means you have to have a collaborative (合作的) process.We’re designing with each other, not for.”‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个旨在为残疾人设计实用且时尚的服装的项目。这个项目不仅改变了残疾人的自我认知，而且使学生设计者受益良多，促进了人与人之间的交流，增强了他们的团队合作意识。‎ ‎9．What does the underlined word“it”in Paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A．Aging. B．Disability.‎ C．Design. D．The program.‎ 解析：选B　代词指代题。第三段第一句说到“残疾往往与衰老和千篇一律的设计联系在一起”，结合本项目的目标——为残疾人设计实用的、时尚的服装，我们可知此处Grace Jun是说“我们需要把残疾这个问题当作生活的一部分。我们不仅需要从人权的角度去看待，也需要从经济价值方面看待残疾问题”。所以it指代的就是上文提到的Disability。‎ ‎★10.What’s Ms.Kern’s attitude towards what Open Style Lab is doing?‎ A．Favorable. B．Skeptical.‎ C．Uninterested. D．Dissatisfied.‎ 解析：选A　观点态度题。根据Kieran Kern在第四段中谈到的“I’m always looking at me being the problem and the clothing as being OK”和第五段中谈到的可知，她认为这个项目改变了她对自我的认知，故选Favorable (赞成的)。‎ ‎11．What did the students find challenging according to Ms.Jun?‎ A．Creativity in fashion design.‎ B．Interpersonal communication.‎ C．Making clothing part of a wearer.‎ D．Meeting the needs of the disabled.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据最后一段的内容“I think the challenges the students faced throughout the course ...you have to have a collaborative (合作的) process.We’re designing with each other, not for.”可知，在为残疾人设计服装时，交流和合作是必需的，这也正是挑战所在。‎ ‎12．What would be the best title for the text?‎ A．Open Style Lab B．A new fashion industry C．Disability is no longer a problem D．Designs that do more than meet the eye 解析：选D　标题归纳题。第二段点明了文章的主旨——一个为残疾人设计实用且时尚的服装的项目。D项作标题符合这一主旨。“Designs that do more than meet the eye”表明了这些设计除视觉效果之外还具有实用性。‎ D ‎(2018·郑州第二次质量检测)Eight years before his death in 1896, Alfred Nobel was surprised to read an obituary (讣告) in the local newspaper.This was a strange obituary, for it told Alfred Nobel, the man who was reading it, that he was dead.The newspaper had confused Alfred with his brother, Ludvig, who had recently died.‎ Nobel was shocked to read that he had passed away, and he was even more annoyed by the title of his obituary：The merchant of death is dead.Alfred was a very rich and successful armaments manufacturer (武器制造商)．‎ This incident got him thinking about his reputation.What would people think of him after his real death? Would they really say “That was a man who profited from killing”？ It was this thought that led him to leave his money — a huge amount of it — for the founding of the famous Nobel prizes.His aim was for his money to be used to support the ongoing ‎ quest (追求) for excellence in the sciences and literature, and the ideal of peace.Thousands of men and women have been honored since the first awards were given out in 1901.The awards let the world know about the developments that may have a huge effect on our lives.‎ However, the prizes are controversial sometimes.There is often protest (抗议) at the award of the Peace Prize when not everyone thinks that the awardwinners deserve the award.Even the award for literature has sometimes been criticized because the award committee often neglects important writers.The highly influential novelists James Joyce and Marcel Proust, for example, were never honored by the Swedish‎ ‎Academy.‎ Still, for the most part the awards don’t cause many complaints.Alfred Nobel founded the prizes to recognize those who have had “the greatest benefit to mankind” and few would disagree that most of the prizewinners — among them, Albert Einstein and Martin Luther King Jr. — have made contributions that deserve to be honored and remembered.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了诺贝尔奖设立的来历。‎ ‎13．How did Alfred Nobel feel when he read the obituary in the newspaper?‎ A．Sad and worried. B．Shocked and upset.‎ C．Surprised and confused. D．Amused and puzzled.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，当Alfred Nobel看到报纸上的这则讣告的时候，非常吃惊。根据第二段第一句可知，他不只是吃惊，而且还很生气，故选B。‎ ‎14．What did Alfred Nobel decide to do after reading the obituary?‎ A．Seek excellence in the sciences.‎ B．Donate all his money to the charity.‎ C．Stop producing any killing weapons.‎ D．Set up the Nobel prizes with his money.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“It was this thought that led him to leave his money — a huge amount of it — for the founding of the famous Nobel prizes.”可知，阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔看到这则讣告之后，想了很多，最终决定把他大笔的钱用于设立著名的诺贝尔奖，故选D。‎ ‎15．Why does the author mention James Joyce and Marcel Proust?‎ A．To show the controversy of some Nobel prizes.‎ B．To give examples of influential Nobel prizewinners.‎ C．To explain the standard of giving out the Nobel prizes.‎ D．To prove the influence of the Nobel prizes on literature.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第四段第三句“Even the award for literature has sometimes been criticized because the award committee often neglects important writers.”‎ ‎(即便是诺贝尔文学奖有时候也会受到批评，因为奖项委员会经常会忽视重要的作家。)可知，作者以这两个人为例，是为了说明有时诺贝尔奖是存在争议的。‎ ‎★16.What does the author think of the Nobel prizes?‎ A．There should be more female winners.‎ B．There are too many controversial winners.‎ C．They have honored many worthy winners.‎ D．The committee should be more selective.‎ 解析：选C　观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“few would disagree that most of the prizewinners ...deserve to be honored and remembered”可知，作者认为诺贝尔奖奖励了很多值得赞赏的人，故选C。 ‎